Sunflower germination

This movie shows germination and early growth of sunflower seedlings under low intensity white light. As the seedlings emerge from the soil, they are already beginning to make chlorophyll and turn green. The cotyledons and apical hook unfold as the plant emerges into the light. One of the more striking things is the robust nutational movement (rotation of the stem) shown by these seedlings under continuous dim light. In darkness and in bright light, the nutational movement is present but less robust (see photomorphogenesis movie for comparison). It is almost like the seedlings are searching for a better light source. The time between images in this movie was 1 hour and they are shown at 6 frames per sec.